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The problem of childhood
obesity in the United States has grown considerably in recent
years. Between 16 and 33 percent of children and adolescents are
obese.
American Academy of
Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Children Obesity
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![]() As with adult-onset obesity, childhood obesity has multiple causes centering around an imbalance between energy in (calories obtained from food) and energy out (calories expended in the basal metabolic rate and physical activity). Childhood obesity most likely results from an interaction of nutritional, psychological, familial, and physiological factors.
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| The Family | The risk of becoming obese is greatest among children who have two obese parents (Dietz, 1983). This may be due to powerful genetic factors or to parental modeling of both eating and exercise behaviors, indirectly affecting the child's energy balance. One half of parents of elementary school children never exercise vigorously (Ross & Pate, 1987). | |
| Low-energy Expenditure | The average American child spends several hours each day watching television; time which in previous years might have been devoted to physical pursuits. Obesity is greater among children and adolescents who frequently watch television (Dietz & Gortmaker, 1985), not only because little energy is expended while viewing but also because of concurrent consumption of high-calorie snacks. Only about one-third of elementary children have daily physical education, and fewer than one-fifth have extracurricular physical activity programs at their schools (Ross & Pate, 1987). | |
| Heredity |
Since not all children who
eat non-nutritious foods, watch several hours of television
daily, and are relatively inactive develop obesity, the
search continues for alternative causes. Heredity has
recently been shown to influence fatness, regional fat
distribution, and response to overfeeding (Bouchard et al.,
1990). In addition, infants born to overweight mothers have
been found to be less active and to gain more weight by age
three months when compared with infants of normal weight
mothers, suggesting a possible inborn drive to conserve
energy (Roberts, Savage, Coward, Chew, & Lucas, 1988).
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